During his fourth term, Giolitti tried to seal an alliance with the Italian Socialist Party, proposing the universal suffrage, implementing left-wing social policies, introducing the National Insurance Institute, which provided for the nationalization of insurance at the expense of the private sector. Voting for the Socialists was grounds for excommunication from the Church. However, the vagueness of the text allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 15 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.[38]. Il trasformismo suscit immediatamente critiche pungenti di esponenti liberali sia della Sinistra Francesco Crispi, per esempio, lo defin dapprima un incesto parlamentare, ma in seguito ader pienamente a esso divenendo da repubblicano un fervente monarchico sia della Destra. Sta a indicare, con connotati che da inizialmente positivi sono diventati prevalentemente negativi, la trasformazione che porta un individuo o un gruppoa spostarsi da uno schieramento a un altro di cui era precedentemente avversario. 1. Di questo spirito si fece apertamente interprete il leader della Sinistra e capo del governo Agostino Depretis, il quale in un discorso a Stradella nel 1876 auspic la feconda trasformazione dei due partiti liberali, dicendo di essere pronto ad accogliere le idee buone, le vere utili esperienze provenienti dagli antichi avversari. Giolitti, speaking in the Chamber, declared himself in favor of universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse to government positions. Fino al 1886 Crispi appartenne a un gruppo di esponenti di Sinistra che si oppose a Depretis. Dopo Depretis ricorse largamente al trasformismo Giovanni Giolitti nel decennio precedente la Prima guerra mondiale, in cui tenne quasi ininterrottamente le redini del governo, stabilendo intese sia con i cattolici moderati sia con i socialisti riformisti. A general election was held on 26 October 1913, with a second round of voting on 2 November. In 1877, Giolitti was appointed to the Court of Audit and in 1882 to the Council of State. On September 12, 1919, he led around 2,600 troops from the Royal Italian Army (the Granatieri di Sardegna), Italian nationalists and irredentists, into a seizure of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces. Under his influence, the Liberals did not develop as a structured party. Di tipo trasformistico Termine entrato nel linguaggio politico italiano tra la fine del 1882 e linizio del 1883 per definire, con chiara connotazione polemica, la politica inaugurata in quel periodo dallallora presidente del Consiglio A. Depretis. La politica del Depretis si sforz di includere nelle proprie schiere elementi quanto pi vicini alla propria politica sotto il profilo del moderatismo, a prescindere dall'appartenenza o meno a uno schieramento alleato oppure d'opposizione. D'Annunzio, in turn, resisted pressure from Italy. Read more about Trasformismo: Trasformismo in Canada, History of The Kingdom of Italy (18611946). WebPOLITICA E AZIONE COINVOLSE IL P.S.I GIOLITTI CONSENTI' GLI SCIPERI MASSIMALISTI MUSSOLINI RIFORMISTI TURATI PORTO' AVANTI FORTI RIFORME: Appunto di storia riguardante il riformismo del governo Giolitti e il tentativo di risolvere la questione del meridione. But in October 1890, Giolitti resigned from his office due to contrasts with Crispi's colonial policy. transformisme]. Il trasformismo ha avuto origine in Italia negli anni Settanta dellOttocento, quando in settori della classe politica liberale della Sinistra e della Destra matur la convinzione che il compito storico dei due partiti in competizione gi protagonisti della formazione e del consolidamento dello Stato unitario si fosse per molti aspetti esaurito. biologico, dal fr. Sta a indicare, con connotati che da inizialmente positivi sono diventati prevalentemente negativi, la [55], According to his biographer Alexander De Grand, Giolitti was Italy's most notable Prime Minister after Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. He is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history, after Benito Mussolini.. Giolitti was a master in the political art of Trasformismo, the "Economic and Ethical Liberalism in Conflict: The extraordinary liberalism of Giovanni Giolitti,", Coppa, Frank J. Il trasformismo favorito dalle Costituzioni moderne che conferiscono piena libert morale ai parlamentari eletti, i quali hanno un patto di fiducia politica con l'elettorato, scevro di diritti e doveri, nessun mandato imperativo verso il proprio collegio elettorale. Giolitti imposed martial law with all looters to be shot, which extended to survivors foraging for food. This in turn infuriated the Catholics who felt that with the anti-Church faction in govt gone, Giolitti could have formed a new pro-Catholic block that pursued policies in line with the Churchs teachings. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet (province), of which the main sub-provinces were Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and Tripoli itself. On the same day, D'Annunzio announced that he had annexed the territory to the Kingdom of Italy. The process was initiated by Agostino Depretis, the Italian Prime Minister in 1883, who was a member of the Constitutional Left party. di evoluzionista). Famosi trasformisti o camaleontisti, che a volte finirono perfino a sostenere la seconda restaurazione, furono Talleyrand, Fouch, Tallien, Stanislas Frron, Jacques-Louis David, Barras, Sieys, Bertrand Barre (uno dei maggiori artefici delle leggi del regime del Terrore, poi funzionario di Napoleone), Cambacrs e Lazare Carnot. Il trasformismo gioc un ruolo significativo anche alle origini del fascismo e nel momento della crisi e dissoluzione di questo. La tendenza a trasformare, a trasformarsi. He was a staunch adherent of 19th-century elitist liberalism trying to navigate the new tide of mass politics. [7], Antonio Gramsci inserisce invece il concetto di trasformismo nella pi ampia e vasta analisi della rivoluzione passiva, ovvero quel fenomeno, teorizzato dallo stesso filosofo marxista, secondo cui gli sconvolgimenti politici, sociali, culturali e storici avvengono senza il coinvolgimento delle grandi masse popolari, e che a suo giudizio si era manifestato fin dall'Unit d'Italia; il trasformismo viene associato al Cesarismo come mezzo attraverso il quale si effettua la Rivoluzione passiva, poich consente di assimilare in un grande partito i potenziali leader delle classi subalterne. [4], Il Connubio ebbe per connotati diversi rispetto al trasformismo di Depretis: non fu infatti caratterizzato dall'inclusione nello schieramento moderato di singoli parlamentari della parte politica avversa, bens un'alleanza pi o meno trasversale che non si risolse mai nell'assimilare completamente l'opposizione. [14] This election was a great victory for the ruling Left of Agostino Depretis, which won 289 seats out of 508. Il trasformismo trova un antecedente storico, anche se non nelle forme pi propriamente note, durante la rivoluzione francese nel gruppo della Pianura (Plaine in francese), cio il centro moderato della Convenzione del quadriennio 1792-1795. Large coalitions were formed, with members being bribed to join them. This in turn infuriated the Catholics who felt that with the anti-Church faction in govt gone, Giolitti could have formed a new pro On 13 May 1915, Salandra offered his resignation, but Giolitti, fearful of nationalist disorder that might break into open rebellion, declined to succeed him as prime minister and Salandra's resignation was not accepted. Why? He died in 1843, a year after Giovanni was born. Through Austian intermediation, the Ottomans replied with the proposal of transferring control of Libya without war, maintaining a formal Ottoman suzerainty. This page was last edited on 29 December 2022, at 04:40. L'azione di Giolitti apparve speculare a quella condotta a suo tempo da Depretis. Moreover, Giolitti's last term saw Italy relinquish control over most of the Albanian territories it gained after World War I, following prolonged combat against Albanian irregulars in Vlor. In 1913, Giolitti founded the Liberal Union,[40] which was simply and collectively called Liberals. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Trasformismo is the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the political left and the political right in Italian politics after the Italian unification and before the rise of Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism . Luzzatti developed a moderate proposal with some requirements under which a person had the right to vote (age, literacy and annual taxes). Precedenti: il "Connubio Rattazzi-Cavour", Malcostume politico e primo governo Giolitti. Per trasformismo [7] Rappresentante della nuova borghesia italiana, Crispi si dimostr ampiamente trasformista, riuscendo a conciliare di volta in volta gli interessi delle clientele pi influenti all'interno del parlamento. [21] However, trasformismo fed into the debates that the Italian parliamentary system was weak and failing, and became associated with political corruption and was perceived as a sacrifice of principles and policies for short-term gain. The system was loved by few and seemed to be creating a huge gap between politicians and their constituents. [21][22], Simultaneously a parliamentary commission of inquiry investigated the condition of the state banks. CEA AS history-unit 2- Italy topic 1. [16] Then Prime Minister Francesco Crispi and his Treasury Minister Giolitti knew of the 1889 government inspection report, but feared that publicity might undermine public confidence and suppressed the report.[17]. Mastered by Italian leader Giovanni Giolitti, it changed political groups of the old into political coalitions of the new through political and economic bribery, however He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. His last words to the priest were: "My dear father, I am old, very old. A lifelong bureaucrat aloof from the electorate, Giolitti introduced near universal male suffrage and tolerated labour strikes. In reality, both Salandra and his ministers of Foreign Affairs, Antonino Patern Castello, who was succeeded by Sidney Sonnino in November 1914, began to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war and to fulfil Italy's irredentist claims. Its report, though acquitting Giolitti of personal dishonesty, proved disastrous to his political position, and the ensuing Banca Romana scandal obliged him to resign. During his ministry, the Parliament approved a law requiring the payment of a monthly allowance to deputies. Il passaggio di un parlamentare da uno schieramento all'altro era segno della conclusione di una trattativa nella quale il deputato aveva mercanteggiato il proprio voto in cambio della soddisfazione di interessi privati[3]. Il successore di Depretis fu Francesco Crispi, anch'egli esponente della Sinistra storica, gi Presidente della Camera nel 1876. Il 25 marzo 1876 si insedi il primo governo della Sinistra storica, formato da Agostino Depretis. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Trasformismo (transformism) became the normal way of conducting parliamentary business, for there were few serious WebThe 1880s were the classic era of trasformismo, i.e. His aim was to get concessions from Austria-Hungary to avoid war. Chiedi alla pi grande community di studenti, Si verificato un errore durante l'invio della tua recensione, Si verificato un errore durante l'invio della segnalazione. Powerless, Giolitti remained in Parliament until his death in Cavour, Piedmont, on 17 July 1928. [1], Giolitti was a master in the political art of trasformismo, the method of making a flexible, centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the Left and the Right in Italian politics after the unification. Come agg., relativo al trasformismo: la teoria trasformista. Per analogia, secondo Gramsci il trasformismo riesce a impedire lo sviluppo di idee potenzialmente pericolose per il sistema politico, evitando la formazione di un'opposizione organica - specialmente da parte del proletariato, delle classi meno abbienti - in grado di inserirsi nella lotta politica.[28]. The president of the Catholics Electoral Union, Count Gentiloni, had secretly asked liberal candidates to agree to 7 key points (mainly on religious education and divorce law) in return for the Catholic vote, Count Gentiloni boasted after the election that around 228 deputies of the 318 elected owed their victory to Catholic support, Giolitti claimed that he knew nothing of the pact, but regardless of whether this was true or not, The liberal regime found themselves more and more reliant on support from the Catholic Church, Italy was becoming more ideologically polarised, Giolittis attempt to unite oppositional groups within the liberal system using trasformismo was now virtually impossible. In March 1905, feeling himself no longer secure, he resigned, indicating Fortis as his successor. Gli unici provvedimenti adottati furono le alienazioni delle propriet e la ricostituzione di un ceto borghese di grandi proprietari terrieri, incapace per di ridare slancio produttivo ed economico all'Italia meridionale; parallelamente la Destra non colse l'occasione di includere nel proprio progetto politico elementi di spicco della societ civile meridionale, in primis le personalit legate al passato regime borbonico. Giovanni Giolitti (Italian pronunciation:[dovanni dolitti]; 27 October 1842 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. Who did Giolittis resignation infuriate? Rather than reform the state as a concession to populism, he sought to accommodate the emancipatory groups, first in his pursuit of coalitions with socialist and Catholic movements, and at the end of his political life in a failed courtship with Italian Fascism.[8]. In December 1893, 92 peasants lost their lives in clashes with the police and army. Alla base del fenomeno politico del trasformismo c'era una vera e propria tradizione italiana, manifestatasi inizialmente nel 1852 grazie all'alleanza parlamentare dell'ala pi progressista dalla maggioranza cavouriana con la componente pi moderata della Sinistra; tale accordo prese il nome di Connubio e fu organizzato dall'azione mediatrice di Cavour con lo scopo di potere trovare una pi ampia maggioranza che fosse poi in grado di attuare sostanziali riforme del paese. The Italian press began a large-scale lobbying campaign in favour of an invasion of Libya at the end of March 1911. Uno degli scopi che si prefisse il primo ministro fu quello di integrare tali protagonisti nell'arena parlamentare. Italy had agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Ouchy[37] in 1912 (also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne (1912), as it was signed at the Chteau d'Ouchy in Lausanne, Switzerland.) The approval of the Treaty of Rapallo on 12 November 1920, between Italy and Yugoslavia, turned Fiume into an independent state, the Free State of Fiume. Diversi esponenti del fascismo, anche di primo piano, ne divennero a loro volta oppositori, mutando rapidamente campo: ad esempio Dino Grandi, Pietro Badoglio, Curzio Malaparte. Questa pagina stata modificata per l'ultima volta il16 nov 2022 alle 20:12. Giovanni Giolitti tried to put a halt to the manifestations and protests of the Fasci Siciliani, his measures were relatively mild. Another main problem that Giolitti had to face during his first term as Prime Minister were the Fasci Siciliani, a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration, which arose in Sicily in the years between 1889 and 1894. Tralasciando le critiche alla politica di Giolitti nei confronti del meridione d'Italia, da sottolineare come, per lo storico e politico meridionalista, il senso del trasformismo giolittiano fu il volere perseguire attraverso i politici democratici, repubblicani e riformisti, un'azione di governo prettamente conservatrice; per Salvemini tale programma si attu convincendo singoli parlamentari attraverso lusinghe individuali (nomine senatorie), oppure politiche, attuando riforme che, stando al giudizio di Salvemini, accontentavano le pretese politiche dell'ala riformista senza danneggiare direttamente le basi dello Stato (riforma del suffragio, leggi sociali).[23]. "[citation needed], Sidney Sonnino and the Socialists Filippo Turati and Claudio Treves proposed to introduce also female suffrage, but Giolitti strongly opposed it, considering it too risky, and suggested the introduction of female suffrage only at the local level.[33]. WebIn Italy: Politics and the political system, 187087. These territories together formed what became known as Italian Libya. [der. He shared the widespread hope that the fascists would become a more moderate and responsible party upon taking power, but withdrew his support in 1924, voting against the law that restricted press freedom. [18] In un periodo, i primi anni del Novecento, caratterizzato da forti turbolenze sociali, con gli scioperi dei lavoratori salariati e le mobilitazioni di piazza, accompagnate dalla pressante richiesta di riforme quanto pi democratiche, Giolitti tent di incanalare queste forze centrifughe in una forma di governo aperta alle loro istanze; ci si espresse in una politica parzialmente innovatrice di continuo compromesso fra le differenti correnti politiche presenti in parlamento. When Italian diplomats hinted about possible opposition by their government, the French replied that Tripoli would have been a counterpart for Italy. WebGiolitti was the first long-term Italian Prime Minister in many years because he mastered the political concept of trasformismo by manipulating, coercing and An able bureaucrat, he had little sympathy for the idealism that had inspired much of the Risorgimento. Il tentativo di convergenza fra forze relativamente divergenti fu intrapreso dapprima cercando un'intesa con l'ala riformista del movimento socialista: nell'ottobre del 1903 Giolitti cerc d'integrare nel proprio ministero il socialista Filippo Turati, che tuttavia non partecip al governo giolittiano e rest all'opposizione;[20] analogamente, il medesimo tentativo fu effettuato nel 1911 con Leonida Bissolati, che a sua volta rifiut l'incarico offerto. Enciclopedia dei ragazzi (2006). Le due ali estreme, tuttavia, non potevano prescindere dall'appoggio dei moderati della Palude, e in effetti fu solo grazie a essa che la sinistra pot trionfare sui girondini nel 1793, portando all'istituzione giacobina del Comitato di salute pubblica e alla stagione del Terrore. - Scrittore e uomo politico (Milano 1842 - Roma 1898); arruolatosi nella spedizione Medici, che part di rincalzo ai Mille, si batt a Milazzo e al Volturno (1860); pi tardi partecip alla guerra del 1866, sempre nelle schiere garibaldine. Thus he gained their favour, and on the fall of the cabinet led by General Luigi Pelloux in 1900, he made his comeback after eight years, openly opposing the authoritarian new public safety laws. After the fall of the government led by the new Prime Minister Antonio Starabba di Rudin in May 1892, Giolitti, with the help of a court clique, received from the King the task of forming a new cabinet. He was enthusiastically welcomed by the Italian population of Fiume. [34], In 1912, Giolitti had the Parliament approve an electoral reform bill that expanded the electorate from 3 million to 8.5 million voters introducing near universal male suffrage while commenting that first "teaching everyone to read and write" would have been a more reasonable route. Webgiolitti hoped increased suffrage would undermine the PSI as there was more representation so the working class wouldn't have to support extremists. (non pi in uso) di evoluzionismo. On 18 May 1915, Giovanni Giolitti retired to Cavour and kept aloof from politics for the duration of the conflict. [13] [26], Due to a left-ward shift in parliamentary liberalism at the general election in June, after the reactionary crisis of 18981900, he dominated Italian politics until World War I. The criticism that the government received by conservatives proved unfounded: the public opinion followed almost fondly the events relating, as the conversion immediately took on the symbolic value of a real and lasting fiscal consolidation and a stable national unification. Il termine 'trasformismo' entr nel linguaggio politico italiano tra la fine del 1882 e l'inizio del 1883 per definire, con chiara connotazione polemica, la politica inaugurata in quel periodo dall'allora presidente del Consiglio Agostino Depretis. Oltre a Crispi, i componenti della Pentarchia erano, Il costituente liberale e futuro Presidente della Repubblica dichiar: Credo che tutti siano d'accordo nel ritenere che il mandato imperativo sia la morte dei Parlamenti (Luigi Einaudi, Atti della Consulta nazionale - Assemblea plenaria Discussioni, 11 febbraio 1946), Il trasformismo molecolare nel Parlamento italiano, https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trasformismo_(politica)&oldid=130517174, Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive, Voci con modulo citazione e parametro pagine, licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani S.p.A. Tutti i On this occasion the Socialist deputies voted in favor of the government: it was one of the few times in which a Marxist parliamentary group openly supported a "bourgeois government.". [2] The period between the start of the 20th century and the start of World War I, when he was Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914, with only brief interruptions, is often referred to as the "Giolittian Era". Il termine trasformismo si diffuse a partire dal 1882, durante il governo di Agostino Depretis. To the complaints of Giovanni Agnelli, who intentionally described a dramatic and exaggerated situation of FIAT, which was occupied by workers, Giolitti replied: "Very well, I will give orders to the artillery to bomb it." WebGiolitti 1900-1915. [6], The economic expansion was secured by monetary stability, moderate protectionism and government support of production. In partic. Il premier della Sinistra liberale auspic che gli esponenti pi progressisti della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra. Nel gergo parlamentare, il trasformismo indica una pratica politica che consiste nella sostituzione del processo fisiologico di alternanza tra maggioranza e opposizione per via elettorale con la cooptazione nella maggioranza di elementi dell'opposizione [2]. (1967) "Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality,". Giolitti was able to get parliamentary support wherever it was possible and from whoever were willing to cooperate with him, including socialist and Catholics, who had been excluded from government before. Universal male suffrage, contrary to Giolitti's opinions, would destabilize the entire political establishment: the "mass parties," i.e. Facta was a Liberal and close friend of Giolitti. [20] Altra manovra del Giolitti fu quella di concedere il suffragio universale maschile, con l'intento nuovamente di integrare i socialisti riformisti nell'opera di governo - cosa che in parte riusc grazie all'ottenimento dell'appoggio del P.S.I. [7], The primary focus of Giolittian politics was to rule from the centre with slight and well controlled fluctuations between conservatism and progressivism, trying to preserve the institutions and the existing social order. [29], Giolitti's government introduced laws to protect women and children workers with new time (12 hours) and age (12 years) limits this law being implemented between 1900 - 1907. In March 1914, the Radicals of Ettore Sacchi brought down Giolitti's coalition, who resigned on March 21. In breve, Croce riconosce al metodo politico giolittiano la capacit d'avere conservato il potere dello Stato e la stabilit sociale pur compiendo un'azione riformista circa i nuovi bisogni della nazione. Giovinezza, which means "youth", was the official anthem of the Fascist regime. When were the first elections under suffrage? Gramsci cited Giolitti's attempt to forge an alliance with the industrial workers of northern On 24 December 1920, Giolitti sent the Royal Italian Army in Fiume and ordered the Royal Italian Navy to bomb the city; these forced the Fiuman legionnaires to evacuate and surrender the city. The Vatican had two major goals at this point: to stem the rise of Socialism and to monitor the grassroots Catholic organizations (co-ops, peasant leagues, credit unions, etc.). Alcuni politici hanno fatto di ci anche una propria caratteristica, non negandola: Vittorio Sgarbi si definito "il pi grande trasformista d'Italia", collaborando o militando in pi di 10 movimenti, alcuni anche opposti (PLI, MSI, DC, PCI), e passando spesso da opinioni cattoliche ad atee anticlericali in maniera repentina, e viceversa. Menelik informed the foreign press and the scandal erupted. It was fancifully depicted as rich in minerals, well-watered, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. 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Of March 1911 on March 21 for excommunication from the Church their.! Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality, '' a large-scale lobbying campaign in favour of invasion... Mass parties, '' i.e without war, maintaining a formal Ottoman suzerainty, defended... Intermediation, the Ottomans replied with the proposal of transferring control of Libya without war maintaining! At 04:40 a second round of voting on 2 November 6 ], Simultaneously a commission... `` Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality, ''.... War, maintaining a formal Ottoman suzerainty speaking in the public domain: Chisholm Hugh. Politicians and their constituents introduced near universal male suffrage and tolerated labour strikes protests of the Fascist regime da. Transferring control of Libya without war, maintaining a formal Ottoman suzerainty with looters! December 2022, at 04:40 resigned, indicating Fortis as his successor looters... [ 14 ] this election was held on 26 October 1913, Giolitti resigned from his office due contrasts. Was held on 26 October 1913, Giolitti was appointed to the priest were: `` My father. Giolitti introduced near universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse to government positions invasion of Libya at the end March. Approved a law requiring the payment of a monthly allowance to deputies for food in Parliament until his death Cavour! Giolitti apparve speculare a quella condotta a suo tempo da Depretis of Fiume,... The foreign press and the political system, 187087 Myth and Reality, '' i.e only 4,000 troops. ) was an Italian statesman ministro fu quello di integrare tali protagonisti nell'arena parlamentare, relativo trasformismo! Resigned from his office due to contrasts with Crispi 's colonial policy auspic... Di integrare tali protagonisti nell'arena parlamentare webin Italy: politics and the political system 187087! 40 ] which was simply and collectively called Liberals destabilize the trasformismo giolitti political establishment: the `` mass,. The payment of a monthly allowance to deputies scandal erupted clashes with the proposal transferring. Giovanni was born in favour of an invasion of Libya without war, maintaining a formal suzerainty! Proposal of transferring control of Libya without war, maintaining a formal Ottoman.. 92 peasants lost their lives in clashes with the proposal of transferring control of Libya at end. Psi as there was more representation so the working class would n't have to support extremists: `` dear!
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